Ingredient Information

Function

Fumaric acid is used to impart a tart taste to processed foods. It is also used as an antifungal agent in boxed foods such as cake mixes and flours, as well as tortillas. Fumaric acid is also added to bread to increase the porosity of the final baked product. It is used to impart a sour taste to sourdough and rye bread. In cake mixes, it is used to maintain a low pH and prevent clumping of the flours used in the mix. In fruit drinks, fumaric acid is used to maintain a low pH which, in turn, helps to stabilize flavor and color. Fumaric acid also prevents the growth of E. coli in beverages when used in combination with sodium benzoate. When added to wines, fumaric acid helps to prevent further fermentation and yet maintain low pH and eliminate traces of metallic elements. In this fashion, it helps to stabilize the taste of wine. Fumaric acid can also be added to dairy products, sports drinks, jams, jellies and candies. Fumaric acid helps to break down bonds between gluten proteins in wheat and helps to create a more pliable dough.

Other Use and Industries

Fumaric acid is used in paper sizing, printer toner, and polyester resin for making molded walls.

Health Effects

Fumaric acid is a natural substance found in human tissues where it plays several biochemical roles. Consumption of normal amounts of fumaric acid is harmless. Side effects of excessive intake of fumaric acid include digestive upsets and skin flushing. However, these dosages are unlikely to be achieved via intake of foods containing fumaric acid. A fumaric acid ester is being investigated as a possible therapeutic for multiple sclerosis.

Origins

Fumaric acid is found in the tissues of all living things. The food additive is a bio-identical substance. It has the exact formula and structure of natural fumaric acid, but it is chemically synthesized. Fumaric acid is a chemical relative of malic acid. A catalyst is used to induce malic acid to convert to fumaric acid. Industrial malic acid is chemically produced from a petrochemical source, like benzene or butane, which is oxidized and then hydrated. Fumaric acid is a white crystalline powder.